Running pattern detector against the corpus
The dataset shows entities that received substantial federal funding then ceased appearing in the corpus — flagging recipients that went silent after the money flowed.
Glassbox surfaces correlations and observations, not findings of misconduct. Severity is a calibrated read on how strongly the dataset matches the pattern definition — a starting point for review, not a verdict.
The match meets the pattern threshold but the signal is the lower band. Normal review queue.
The match exceeds the routine threshold. Worth a closer look — pull the source rows, walk the citation.
The match is in the highest band of the calibrated scale. Recommend: prioritise for active review.
Severity is computed from the detection signal · recipient total (original commitments, is_amendment = false) ≥ p90 of recipient totals within the recipient's primary department AND ≥ $500K floor · last agreement_start_date < as-of − 36 months, as-of = MAX(agreement_start_date) ≤ CURRENT_DATE · signal = years silent
The dataset shows Langlois, Valerie S Institut national de la recherche scientifique received $500,000 across 1 federal agreements from 1 department — above the 90th percentile of recipients funded by Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada | Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada — with the most recent agreement dated 2018-10-01: 7.9 years of subsequent silence in the corpus as of 2026-09-01.
Why this may be benign · A single large capital or research award is expected to be followed by silence; one-off funding is not a zombie signal on its own.
Once a match is identified, the dataset suggests these review actions. Glassbox does not prescribe outcomes — these are calibrated options for funders, auditors, and program officers, framed as correlations to investigate.
Cross-reference the recipient legal name with the relevant federal/provincial corporate registry. An active corporate status with no recent grant activity may indicate program completion (normal); a dissolved or in-default status with prior public funding warrants review.
If the recipient is a registered charity (CRA-registered), pull the most recent T3010 filing date. A gap exceeding 18 months is a regulatory issue independent of the federal-funding silence.
Did the funded program complete? Was the final report submitted? Were funds returned, if applicable? Silence in the corpus is not evidence of incompletion, but it is the signal to verify.
Some zombies are just program endings; others are entity disappearances after public money flowed. Close the match with reasoning, or move to active monitoring if outcomes are unclear.
These are calibrated suggestions, not directives. The dataset shows the pattern; the funder decides the response.
Aggregated from the matches below. Severity bands are calibrated per pattern; counts and dollar totals reflect this snapshot only.
The dataset shows Langlois, Valerie S Institut national de la recherche scientifique received $500,000 across 1 federal agreements from 1 department — above the 90th percentile of recipients funded by Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada | Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada — with the most recent agreement dated 2018-10-01: 7.9 years of subsequent silence in the corpus as of 2026-09-01.
Why this may be benign · A single large capital or research award is expected to be followed by silence; one-off funding is not a zombie signal on its own.
The dataset shows Lebel, Catherine University of Calgary received $500,000 across 1 federal agreements from 1 department — above the 90th percentile of recipients funded by Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada | Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada — with the most recent agreement dated 2018-10-01: 7.9 years of subsequent silence in the corpus as of 2026-09-01.
Why this may be benign · A single large capital or research award is expected to be followed by silence; one-off funding is not a zombie signal on its own.
The dataset shows Lebel, Catherine University of Calgary received $500,000 across 1 federal agreements from 1 department — above the 90th percentile of recipients funded by Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada | Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada — with the most recent agreement dated 2018-10-01: 7.9 years of subsequent silence in the corpus as of 2026-09-01.
Why this may be benign · A single large capital or research award is expected to be followed by silence; one-off funding is not a zombie signal on its own.
The dataset shows Lee, Hyun University of Toronto received $500,000 across 1 federal agreements from 1 department — above the 90th percentile of recipients funded by Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada | Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada — with the most recent agreement dated 2018-10-01: 7.9 years of subsequent silence in the corpus as of 2026-09-01.
Why this may be benign · A single large capital or research award is expected to be followed by silence; one-off funding is not a zombie signal on its own.
The dataset shows Lee, Hyun University of Toronto received $500,000 across 1 federal agreements from 1 department — above the 90th percentile of recipients funded by Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada | Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada — with the most recent agreement dated 2018-10-01: 7.9 years of subsequent silence in the corpus as of 2026-09-01.
Why this may be benign · A single large capital or research award is expected to be followed by silence; one-off funding is not a zombie signal on its own.
The dataset shows Lim, Gareth E Université de Montréal received $500,000 across 1 federal agreements from 1 department — above the 90th percentile of recipients funded by Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada | Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada — with the most recent agreement dated 2018-10-01: 7.9 years of subsequent silence in the corpus as of 2026-09-01.
Why this may be benign · A single large capital or research award is expected to be followed by silence; one-off funding is not a zombie signal on its own.
The dataset shows Lim, Gareth E Université de Montréal received $500,000 across 1 federal agreements from 1 department — above the 90th percentile of recipients funded by Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada | Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada — with the most recent agreement dated 2018-10-01: 7.9 years of subsequent silence in the corpus as of 2026-09-01.
Why this may be benign · A single large capital or research award is expected to be followed by silence; one-off funding is not a zombie signal on its own.
The dataset shows Macauley, Matthew S University of Alberta received $500,000 across 1 federal agreements from 1 department — above the 90th percentile of recipients funded by Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada | Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada — with the most recent agreement dated 2018-10-01: 7.9 years of subsequent silence in the corpus as of 2026-09-01.
Why this may be benign · A single large capital or research award is expected to be followed by silence; one-off funding is not a zombie signal on its own.
The dataset shows Macauley, Matthew S University of Alberta received $500,000 across 1 federal agreements from 1 department — above the 90th percentile of recipients funded by Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada | Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada — with the most recent agreement dated 2018-10-01: 7.9 years of subsequent silence in the corpus as of 2026-09-01.
Why this may be benign · A single large capital or research award is expected to be followed by silence; one-off funding is not a zombie signal on its own.
The dataset shows Martel, Catherine Université de Montréal received $500,000 across 1 federal agreements from 1 department — above the 90th percentile of recipients funded by Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada | Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada — with the most recent agreement dated 2018-10-01: 7.9 years of subsequent silence in the corpus as of 2026-09-01.
Why this may be benign · A single large capital or research award is expected to be followed by silence; one-off funding is not a zombie signal on its own.
The dataset shows Martel, Catherine Université de Montréal received $500,000 across 1 federal agreements from 1 department — above the 90th percentile of recipients funded by Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada | Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada — with the most recent agreement dated 2018-10-01: 7.9 years of subsequent silence in the corpus as of 2026-09-01.
Why this may be benign · A single large capital or research award is expected to be followed by silence; one-off funding is not a zombie signal on its own.
The dataset shows Martel, Marc O McGill University received $500,000 across 1 federal agreements from 1 department — above the 90th percentile of recipients funded by Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada | Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada — with the most recent agreement dated 2018-10-01: 7.9 years of subsequent silence in the corpus as of 2026-09-01.
Why this may be benign · A single large capital or research award is expected to be followed by silence; one-off funding is not a zombie signal on its own.
The dataset shows Martel, Marc O McGill University received $500,000 across 1 federal agreements from 1 department — above the 90th percentile of recipients funded by Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada | Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada — with the most recent agreement dated 2018-10-01: 7.9 years of subsequent silence in the corpus as of 2026-09-01.
Why this may be benign · A single large capital or research award is expected to be followed by silence; one-off funding is not a zombie signal on its own.
The dataset shows McKinney, Melissa A McGill University received $500,000 across 1 federal agreements from 1 department — above the 90th percentile of recipients funded by Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada | Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada — with the most recent agreement dated 2018-10-01: 7.9 years of subsequent silence in the corpus as of 2026-09-01.
Why this may be benign · A single large capital or research award is expected to be followed by silence; one-off funding is not a zombie signal on its own.
The dataset shows McKinney, Melissa A McGill University received $500,000 across 1 federal agreements from 1 department — above the 90th percentile of recipients funded by Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada | Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada — with the most recent agreement dated 2018-10-01: 7.9 years of subsequent silence in the corpus as of 2026-09-01.
Why this may be benign · A single large capital or research award is expected to be followed by silence; one-off funding is not a zombie signal on its own.
The dataset shows Metchev, Stanimir A The University of Western Ontario received $500,000 across 1 federal agreements from 1 department — above the 90th percentile of recipients funded by Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada | Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada — with the most recent agreement dated 2018-10-01: 7.9 years of subsequent silence in the corpus as of 2026-09-01.
Why this may be benign · A single large capital or research award is expected to be followed by silence; one-off funding is not a zombie signal on its own.
The dataset shows Metchev, Stanimir A The University of Western Ontario received $500,000 across 1 federal agreements from 1 department — above the 90th percentile of recipients funded by Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada | Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada — with the most recent agreement dated 2018-10-01: 7.9 years of subsequent silence in the corpus as of 2026-09-01.
Why this may be benign · A single large capital or research award is expected to be followed by silence; one-off funding is not a zombie signal on its own.
The dataset shows Morcom, Lindsay A Queen's University received $500,000 across 1 federal agreements from 1 department — above the 90th percentile of recipients funded by Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada | Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada — with the most recent agreement dated 2018-10-01: 7.9 years of subsequent silence in the corpus as of 2026-09-01.
Why this may be benign · A single large capital or research award is expected to be followed by silence; one-off funding is not a zombie signal on its own.
The dataset shows Morcom, Lindsay A Queen's University received $500,000 across 1 federal agreements from 1 department — above the 90th percentile of recipients funded by Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada | Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada — with the most recent agreement dated 2018-10-01: 7.9 years of subsequent silence in the corpus as of 2026-09-01.
Why this may be benign · A single large capital or research award is expected to be followed by silence; one-off funding is not a zombie signal on its own.
The dataset shows Moreno Cruz, Juan Bernardo University of Waterloo received $500,000 across 1 federal agreements from 1 department — above the 90th percentile of recipients funded by Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada | Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada — with the most recent agreement dated 2018-10-01: 7.9 years of subsequent silence in the corpus as of 2026-09-01.
Why this may be benign · A single large capital or research award is expected to be followed by silence; one-off funding is not a zombie signal on its own.
The dataset shows Moreno Cruz, Juan Bernardo University of Waterloo received $500,000 across 1 federal agreements from 1 department — above the 90th percentile of recipients funded by Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada | Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada — with the most recent agreement dated 2018-10-01: 7.9 years of subsequent silence in the corpus as of 2026-09-01.
Why this may be benign · A single large capital or research award is expected to be followed by silence; one-off funding is not a zombie signal on its own.
The dataset shows Morrissy, Sorana University of Calgary received $500,000 across 1 federal agreements from 1 department — above the 90th percentile of recipients funded by Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada | Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada — with the most recent agreement dated 2018-10-01: 7.9 years of subsequent silence in the corpus as of 2026-09-01.
Why this may be benign · A single large capital or research award is expected to be followed by silence; one-off funding is not a zombie signal on its own.
The dataset shows Morrissy, Sorana University of Calgary received $500,000 across 1 federal agreements from 1 department — above the 90th percentile of recipients funded by Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada | Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada — with the most recent agreement dated 2018-10-01: 7.9 years of subsequent silence in the corpus as of 2026-09-01.
Why this may be benign · A single large capital or research award is expected to be followed by silence; one-off funding is not a zombie signal on its own.
The dataset shows Muffat, Julien A University of Toronto received $500,000 across 1 federal agreements from 1 department — above the 90th percentile of recipients funded by Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada | Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada — with the most recent agreement dated 2018-10-01: 7.9 years of subsequent silence in the corpus as of 2026-09-01.
Why this may be benign · A single large capital or research award is expected to be followed by silence; one-off funding is not a zombie signal on its own.
The dataset shows Muffat, Julien A University of Toronto received $500,000 across 1 federal agreements from 1 department — above the 90th percentile of recipients funded by Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada | Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada — with the most recent agreement dated 2018-10-01: 7.9 years of subsequent silence in the corpus as of 2026-09-01.
Why this may be benign · A single large capital or research award is expected to be followed by silence; one-off funding is not a zombie signal on its own.
The dataset shows Musgaard, Maria University of Ottawa received $500,000 across 1 federal agreements from 1 department — above the 90th percentile of recipients funded by Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada | Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada — with the most recent agreement dated 2018-10-01: 7.9 years of subsequent silence in the corpus as of 2026-09-01.
Why this may be benign · A single large capital or research award is expected to be followed by silence; one-off funding is not a zombie signal on its own.
The dataset shows Musgaard, Maria University of Ottawa received $500,000 across 1 federal agreements from 1 department — above the 90th percentile of recipients funded by Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada | Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada — with the most recent agreement dated 2018-10-01: 7.9 years of subsequent silence in the corpus as of 2026-09-01.
Why this may be benign · A single large capital or research award is expected to be followed by silence; one-off funding is not a zombie signal on its own.
The dataset shows Ordonez, Martin The University of British Columbia received $500,000 across 1 federal agreements from 1 department — above the 90th percentile of recipients funded by Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada | Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada — with the most recent agreement dated 2018-10-01: 7.9 years of subsequent silence in the corpus as of 2026-09-01.
Why this may be benign · A single large capital or research award is expected to be followed by silence; one-off funding is not a zombie signal on its own.
The dataset shows Ordonez, Martin The University of British Columbia received $500,000 across 1 federal agreements from 1 department — above the 90th percentile of recipients funded by Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada | Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada — with the most recent agreement dated 2018-10-01: 7.9 years of subsequent silence in the corpus as of 2026-09-01.
Why this may be benign · A single large capital or research award is expected to be followed by silence; one-off funding is not a zombie signal on its own.
The dataset shows Oudit, Gavin Y University of Alberta received $500,000 across 1 federal agreements from 1 department — above the 90th percentile of recipients funded by Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada | Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada — with the most recent agreement dated 2018-10-01: 7.9 years of subsequent silence in the corpus as of 2026-09-01.
Why this may be benign · A single large capital or research award is expected to be followed by silence; one-off funding is not a zombie signal on its own.
The dataset shows Oudit, Gavin Y University of Alberta received $500,000 across 1 federal agreements from 1 department — above the 90th percentile of recipients funded by Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada | Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada — with the most recent agreement dated 2018-10-01: 7.9 years of subsequent silence in the corpus as of 2026-09-01.
Why this may be benign · A single large capital or research award is expected to be followed by silence; one-off funding is not a zombie signal on its own.
The dataset shows Pabayo, Roman University of Alberta received $500,000 across 1 federal agreements from 1 department — above the 90th percentile of recipients funded by Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada | Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada — with the most recent agreement dated 2018-10-01: 7.9 years of subsequent silence in the corpus as of 2026-09-01.
Why this may be benign · A single large capital or research award is expected to be followed by silence; one-off funding is not a zombie signal on its own.
The dataset shows Pabayo, Roman University of Alberta received $500,000 across 1 federal agreements from 1 department — above the 90th percentile of recipients funded by Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada | Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada — with the most recent agreement dated 2018-10-01: 7.9 years of subsequent silence in the corpus as of 2026-09-01.
Why this may be benign · A single large capital or research award is expected to be followed by silence; one-off funding is not a zombie signal on its own.
The dataset shows Parekh, Gillian York University received $500,000 across 1 federal agreements from 1 department — above the 90th percentile of recipients funded by Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada | Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada — with the most recent agreement dated 2018-10-01: 7.9 years of subsequent silence in the corpus as of 2026-09-01.
Why this may be benign · A single large capital or research award is expected to be followed by silence; one-off funding is not a zombie signal on its own.
The dataset shows Parekh, Gillian York University received $500,000 across 1 federal agreements from 1 department — above the 90th percentile of recipients funded by Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada | Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada — with the most recent agreement dated 2018-10-01: 7.9 years of subsequent silence in the corpus as of 2026-09-01.
Why this may be benign · A single large capital or research award is expected to be followed by silence; one-off funding is not a zombie signal on its own.
The dataset shows Pullen Sansfaçon, Annie Université de Montréal received $500,000 across 1 federal agreements from 1 department — above the 90th percentile of recipients funded by Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada | Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada — with the most recent agreement dated 2018-10-01: 7.9 years of subsequent silence in the corpus as of 2026-09-01.
Why this may be benign · A single large capital or research award is expected to be followed by silence; one-off funding is not a zombie signal on its own.
The dataset shows Pullen Sansfaçon, Annie Université de Montréal received $500,000 across 1 federal agreements from 1 department — above the 90th percentile of recipients funded by Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada | Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada — with the most recent agreement dated 2018-10-01: 7.9 years of subsequent silence in the corpus as of 2026-09-01.
Why this may be benign · A single large capital or research award is expected to be followed by silence; one-off funding is not a zombie signal on its own.
The dataset shows Reader, Heather E Memorial University of Newfoundland received $500,000 across 1 federal agreements from 1 department — above the 90th percentile of recipients funded by Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada | Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada — with the most recent agreement dated 2018-10-01: 7.9 years of subsequent silence in the corpus as of 2026-09-01.
Why this may be benign · A single large capital or research award is expected to be followed by silence; one-off funding is not a zombie signal on its own.
The dataset shows Reader, Heather E Memorial University of Newfoundland received $500,000 across 1 federal agreements from 1 department — above the 90th percentile of recipients funded by Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada | Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada — with the most recent agreement dated 2018-10-01: 7.9 years of subsequent silence in the corpus as of 2026-09-01.
Why this may be benign · A single large capital or research award is expected to be followed by silence; one-off funding is not a zombie signal on its own.
The dataset shows Roy, Mathieu McGill University received $500,000 across 1 federal agreements from 1 department — above the 90th percentile of recipients funded by Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada | Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada — with the most recent agreement dated 2018-10-01: 7.9 years of subsequent silence in the corpus as of 2026-09-01.
Why this may be benign · A single large capital or research award is expected to be followed by silence; one-off funding is not a zombie signal on its own.
The dataset shows Roy, Mathieu McGill University received $500,000 across 1 federal agreements from 1 department — above the 90th percentile of recipients funded by Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada | Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada — with the most recent agreement dated 2018-10-01: 7.9 years of subsequent silence in the corpus as of 2026-09-01.
Why this may be benign · A single large capital or research award is expected to be followed by silence; one-off funding is not a zombie signal on its own.
The dataset shows Serohijos, Adrian Université de Montréal received $500,000 across 1 federal agreements from 1 department — above the 90th percentile of recipients funded by Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada | Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada — with the most recent agreement dated 2018-10-01: 7.9 years of subsequent silence in the corpus as of 2026-09-01.
Why this may be benign · A single large capital or research award is expected to be followed by silence; one-off funding is not a zombie signal on its own.
The dataset shows Serohijos, Adrian Université de Montréal received $500,000 across 1 federal agreements from 1 department — above the 90th percentile of recipients funded by Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada | Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada — with the most recent agreement dated 2018-10-01: 7.9 years of subsequent silence in the corpus as of 2026-09-01.
Why this may be benign · A single large capital or research award is expected to be followed by silence; one-off funding is not a zombie signal on its own.
The dataset shows Shi, Wei Université Laval received $500,000 across 1 federal agreements from 1 department — above the 90th percentile of recipients funded by Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada | Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada — with the most recent agreement dated 2018-10-01: 7.9 years of subsequent silence in the corpus as of 2026-09-01.
Why this may be benign · A single large capital or research award is expected to be followed by silence; one-off funding is not a zombie signal on its own.
The dataset shows Shi, Wei Université Laval received $500,000 across 1 federal agreements from 1 department — above the 90th percentile of recipients funded by Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada | Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada — with the most recent agreement dated 2018-10-01: 7.9 years of subsequent silence in the corpus as of 2026-09-01.
Why this may be benign · A single large capital or research award is expected to be followed by silence; one-off funding is not a zombie signal on its own.
The dataset shows Shlien, Adam University of Toronto received $500,000 across 1 federal agreements from 1 department — above the 90th percentile of recipients funded by Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada | Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada — with the most recent agreement dated 2018-10-01: 7.9 years of subsequent silence in the corpus as of 2026-09-01.
Why this may be benign · A single large capital or research award is expected to be followed by silence; one-off funding is not a zombie signal on its own.
The dataset shows Shlien, Adam University of Toronto received $500,000 across 1 federal agreements from 1 department — above the 90th percentile of recipients funded by Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada | Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada — with the most recent agreement dated 2018-10-01: 7.9 years of subsequent silence in the corpus as of 2026-09-01.
Why this may be benign · A single large capital or research award is expected to be followed by silence; one-off funding is not a zombie signal on its own.
The dataset shows Spribille, Toby University of Alberta received $500,000 across 1 federal agreements from 1 department — above the 90th percentile of recipients funded by Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada | Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada — with the most recent agreement dated 2018-10-01: 7.9 years of subsequent silence in the corpus as of 2026-09-01.
Why this may be benign · A single large capital or research award is expected to be followed by silence; one-off funding is not a zombie signal on its own.
The dataset shows Spribille, Toby University of Alberta received $500,000 across 1 federal agreements from 1 department — above the 90th percentile of recipients funded by Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada | Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada — with the most recent agreement dated 2018-10-01: 7.9 years of subsequent silence in the corpus as of 2026-09-01.
Why this may be benign · A single large capital or research award is expected to be followed by silence; one-off funding is not a zombie signal on its own.